This handbook will assist aircraft design, manufacturing, and certification organizations in protecting aircraft against the direct and indirect effects of lightning strikes, in compliance with federal aviation regulations. It presents a comprehensive text to provide the essential information for the inflight lightning protection of all types of fixedrotary wing and powered lift aircraft of. Smaller aircraft and the military have been using composites for 30 or 40 years, says ed rupke. Experimental studies of lightning strikes to aircraft onera.
The information provided here must be utilized by electrical engineers in the development of the plans, specifications, calculations, and designbuild request for. This is the canonical book for engineers seeking to understand the effects of lightning on aircraft as well as practical measures for protecting aircraft against lightning effects. It is also estimated that there are over 3,000 commercial airliners in the u. The lightning protection industry began in the united states when benjamin franklin postulated that lightning was electricity, and a metal rod could be used to carry the lightning. Microgrid precision expanded metal foils from dexmet are the materials of choice for lightning strike protection in composite aircraft structures. Contrary to the myths, lightning protection systems. The basis of conventional lightning protection technology. To increase the effectiveness of repairs to damage caused by lightning, maintenance personnel must be familiar with lightning protection measures, proper inspection, and repair procedures. The incident is of far less worry now than it has been. Lightning caused transient voltages are defined in the aircraft standard rtcado160d. Requirements of grounding, bonding, and lightning protection. Lightning protection of aircraft electro magnetic applications, inc. Specifically, the aircraft and its subsystems shall. Navy and marine corps aircraft maintenance and operations personnel for the purposes of ensuring that aircraft are properly and safely grounded.
It can serve as a useful guide to justify additional cost incurred by additioh. Aircraft lightning protection it is estimated that every passenger aircraft in the u. These indirect effects are covered specifically in section 22 of rtca. To ensure adequate lightning protection for a specific project, the following functions should be performed by the lightning protection engineer assigned to the project. The two most severe categories of zoned lightning strike damage are zone 1a1c requirements per sae arp5414. Moreover, aircraft are struck by lightning when it is parked on. These through holes are countersunk into the fuel tank shell to a depth such that a fastener in a through hole. United states us federal aviation administration faa and the. For convenience, these are called initial entry and initial exit points. The induced voltage generated by the lightnings indirect effect is 1,600 volts, or 14 times the aircrafts normal network voltage. Lightning protection for advanced composite aircraft structures jstor. Toray advanced composites offers several solutions that are compatible with our thermosets, thermoplastics, and compression molded parts for integral lightning strike protection. The design of grounding, bonding, and lightning protection used in aircraft technology will be discussed in this paper.
Pdf lightning protection of aircraft semantic scholar. The lightning protection institute is a nationwide notforprofit organization founded in 1955 to promote lightning protection education, awareness, and safety. Lightning protection guidelines for aerospace vehicles. Information is included on the natural lightning environment, the interaction between aircraft and lightning, and the mechanism of the lightning strike effects on the aircraft. As discussed above, the direct lightning strike on an aircraft causes indirect voltage transients due to magnetic or electric field coupling.
The integral lightning protection for composite aircraft skins, including skins with fasteners penetrating into fuel tanks, utilizes metal coated or plated graphite fibers which are woven into the outer layer of tape or fabric of the structural component requiring protection. Pdf lightning protection of aircraft, power systems and. This standard is approved for use by all departments and agencies of the department of defense. Aircraft surface areas and structures classified according to the possibility of lightning attachment, dwell time and current conduction. Lightning caused transient voltages are defined in the aircraft standard rtcado160e. General aviation lightning strike report and protection level study. Aircraft rely on embedded metallic foils for protection from all forms of lightning strike. This is the origin of dotfaact8922 aircraft lightning protection handbook september 1989. Protection of aircraft electricalelectronic systems against the indirect effects of lightning, dated december 21, 2006, is cancelled.
Identical regulations are applicable to the other categories for aircraft. Us7554785b2 lightning damage protection for composite. Lightning protection is used on boeing airplanes to avoid delays and interruptions as well as reduce the significance of. Us7599164b2 lightning protection system for aircraft.
Get more details on this report request free sample pdf enduse sectors of aircraft lightning protection material include civil and military users. Damages to aircraft due to lightning strike were frequently noticed. Evaluation of rolling sphere method using leader potential concept. At the time, most aircraft contained mechanical systems, or simple electrical and electronic systems. A lightning strike is a brilliant electric spark discharge in the atmosphere. In one possible embodiment in which the aircraft s body includes a plurality of composite panels that are joined at their. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel. Lightning occurs as a result of a build up of static charges within a cumulonimbus cloud, often associated with the vertical movement and collision of ice particles hail, which result in a negative charge at the base. Lightning protection of aircraft, power systems and houses containing it network electronics eissn. An aircraft is divided into zones of severity of potential lightning strike damage. The first airplane lightning protection test standards were published in the mid 1950s by the.
This paper deals with the direct effects of lightning strike on aircraft structures. Pdf on jul 12, 2017, p r p hoole and others published lightning protection of aircraft, power systems and houses containing it network electronics find, read and cite all the research you need. Lightning protection systems what they do and dont do. Pdf lightning protection of aircraft, power systems and houses. A lightning protection systems only purpose is to ensure safety to a building and its occupants if lightning happens to hit it directly, a task accomplished by providing a good, safe path to ground for the lightning to follow. The standards for aircraft electrical and electronic system lightning protection are based on the aircrafts potential for lightning exposure and the consequences of system failure. This handbook has been the basis of instructional courses in lightning protection. The regulations require lightning protection of aircraft electrical and electronic systems with catastrophic, hazardous, or major failure conditions for aircraft. The establishment of new attachment points on the surface of an aircraft due to the sweeping of the flash across the surface of the aircraft by the motion of the aircraft. Usually these are extremities of the aircraft such as the nose or a wing tip.
Lightning protection is used on boeing airplanes to avoid delays and interruptions as well as reduce the significance of the strike. This notice informs the exposure to high energy radiated fields public of the activities of the transport new far 25. Numerous and frequentlyupdated resource results are available from this search. Ufc 357501 lightning and static electricity protection systems.
But the use of composite materials in modern airliners like the boeing 787, with a fuselage made predominantly of carbon fiber, has required additional design features, such as putting some metal back into the fuselage for lightning protection. Ufc 357501 lightning and static electricity protection. It was expanded upon in 1990 with inputs from rod perala, president of ema. The lightning protection industry began in the united states when benjamin franklin postulated that lightning was. Faa report dotfaact8922, lightning protection handbook sae arps 5412 aircraft lightning environment and related test waveforms 54 certification of aircraft electricalelectronic systems for the indirect effects of lightning 5415 associated users manual 5414 aircraft lightning zoning. Here, civil segment will dominate the market with over 90% share due to the expansion in large aircraft fleet that accommodates air passengers.
Semantic scholar extracted view of lightning protection of aircraft by f. Jul 02, 2015 lightning protection for aircraft structures. Adopted in the 1960s, these regulations require that the aircraft be protected against catastrophic effects of lightning, but do not have specific requirements for electrical and electronic system lightning protection. Lightning strike protection systems must provide a continuous conductive path of low resistance over the entire aircraft exterior, where the current will travel through the conductive exterior skin and the structures of the aircraft and exit off some other extremity without any problem, as shown in fig. Every new jet aircraft design undergoes more than 1,000 simulated lightning zaps to determine the protection levels and suppressor placement required for its myriad of power and signal lines. Oclcs webjunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus. Direct effects of lightning on aircraft structure onera aerospacelab. It has been updated twice by the authors and now being published as lightning protection of aircraft which is known in the industry as the text book. This is the canonical handbook for engineers seeking to understand the effects of lightning on aircraft as well as practical measures for protecting aircraft against lightning. The lockheed p38 lightning is a world war iiera american pistonengined fighter aircraft. Zipse, fellow, ieee abstractthe successful 200yearold method of using a franklin rod to collect, control, and convey to earth the awesome and destructive power of lightning has produced other controversial, potential alternate methods.
Lightning protection overview lightning protection institute. New airliners fly off the assembly line with several features intended to minimize or eliminate the damage once incurred by lightning strike. The basic lightning protection regulation for airframes is the same for all vehicle categories, and appears in the fars for general aviation aircraft as far 23. Applied science and manufacturing, 4067, 954967, 2009. That is a lot of lightning strikes on each aircraft. Electrical characterizations of lightning strike protection. Dexmet is the exclusive supplier for boeing, principle supplier for embraer, and preferred vendor to a majority of aircraft manufactures around the world. At the time, most aircraft contained mechanical systems, or. Us4502092a integral lightning protection system for.
The lightning threat model used covered more than 90% of potential cases. The handbook is available as a highresolution pdf download from here. The standards for aircraft electrical and electronic system lightning protection are based on the aircraft s potential for lightning exposure and the. This is the canonical handbook for engineers seeking to understand the effects of lightning on aircraft as well as practical measures for protecting aircraft against lightning effects.
Voltage on line will exceed arc plug specification arc plug will fire. Developed for the united states army air corps, the p38 had distinctive twin booms and a central nacelle containing the cockpit and armament. Pdf requirements of grounding, bonding, and lightning. Lightning protection for aircraft structures aerospace. Ice lightning and impulse protector impulsestatic is shunted to ground through inductor. A system for protecting a compositebody aircraft from damage caused by lightning strikes includes a faraday cage defined on the exterior surface of the aircraft body by a continuous, electrically conductive grid that extends to the outermost lateral periphery of the body. Every new jet aircraft design undergoes more than 1,000 simulated lightning zaps to determine the protection levels and suppressor placement required for its myriad power and signal lines. Protection design guidelines in this handbook are applicable to composite airframes. Protection of aircraft electro magnetic applications, inc. The book is only available directly from lightning technologies, inc. This instruction also implements the maintenance requirements of dod 6055. Pdf on jul 12, 2017, p r p hoole and others published lightning protection of aircraft, power systems and houses containing it network. It is estimated that every passenger aircraft in the u. The aircraft shall survive the direct and indirect effects of a 200,000 ampere lightning strike, which either directly attaches to the aircraft or occurs nearby.
In this paper also showed a few cases about accident in aircraft caused fault of electrical ground system. Electromagnetic effects harmonization working group task 2 lightning protection requirements. The first edition was originally published in 1979. The interation of lightning with aircraft and challenges of lightning testing, journal of aerospace lab, 5, al0511, 110, 2012. Lightning protection requirements federal aviation administration. The stated goal of the ivhm lightning research is to diagnose lightning damage based on a measurement of the lightning current transferred to the aircraft to estimate potential damage in flight. This is the basic airframe lightning protection regulation, which requires that the rotorcraft be able to sustain a lightning strike without catastrophic damage.
Researchers at boeing are using simulation to verify that protective coatings on metal foil will not fail due to thermal stress arising from a typical flight cycle. Lightning protection initially as part of an nfpa task force, since disbanded assembled for the purpose of responding to the nfpa standards committee decision 0030, specifically the request for technical substantiation of the lightning protection techniques and practice contained in modern lightning protection standards. Lightning strike solutions from toray advanced composites. Researchers at boeing are using simulation to verify that protective coatings on metal foil will not fail due. Through holes extend along the fastener centerline through the conductive material and the underlying fuel tank shell. Short course on lightning protection of aircraft 2325 may 2012 cobham technical services, lightning testing and consultancy 15 nuffield way, abingdon, oxfordshire, uk the most important thing we build is trust cobham technical services, lightning testing. Identifying the appropriate composite lightning strike protection technique expected to be fielded in. Evaluation of rolling sphere method using leader potential. This ufc supersedes milhdbk 10046, lightning protection, and army tm 581 air force afm 889 chapter 3, electrical design, lightning and static electricity protection. This standard contains two sections, the main body and an appendix. Lightning strike protection in aircraft modern lightning protection systems as well as processes of control and certification on l ightning protection of aircraft, which should be performed before. Impulse protection 3 attenuated and elongated common mode impulse travels on coax.
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